LAB

NO, Nitrite assay (NO production quantitative analysis)

Kevin Baek 2023. 8. 18. 17:00
๋ฐ˜์‘ํ˜•

96well

 

๐Ÿงช Measurement of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production Using Griess Assay – Experimental Protocol & Data Analysis

๐Ÿ”ฌ Overview of the Experiment

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in cell signaling and immune responses. However, due to its high reactivity and short half-life, direct measurement of NO is challenging. Instead, NO is commonly quantified indirectly by measuring its stable breakdown product, nitrite (NOโ‚‚โป), in cell culture supernatants.

The Griess Assay is a well-established colorimetric method that measures NOโ‚‚โป concentration. This reaction involves Griess reagent, which reacts with NOโ‚‚โป to form a pink-colored azo dye, and the absorbance of this dye is measured to determine nitrite levels.


๐Ÿ“ Experimental Procedure

1๏ธโƒฃ Preparation of Samples and Controls

  1. Transfer 50 µl of the culture supernatant (cell-free culture medium) into a new 96-well plate.
    • Be careful not to touch the bottom of the wells with the pipette tip.
    • Ensure that cells do not mix with the culture supernatant.
    • The remaining cells in the original plate can be used for the MTT assay (cell viability test).

2๏ธโƒฃ Preparation of NaNOโ‚‚ Standard Curve

  • Add 50 µl of distilled water (D.W.) into wells A-G of columns 1 and 12 (used for standard curve).
  • Pipette 50 µl of NaNOโ‚‚ (10 µg/ml) into wells H and G.
  • Perform two-fold serial dilutions from well G to well B, ensuring that the final volume in each well is 50 µl.
    • For each dilution step, transfer 50 µl from one well to the next.
    • Do not add NaNOโ‚‚ to well A (blank control).

Well                                                                          NaNOโ‚‚ Concentration

H 10 µg/ml
G 5 µg/ml
F 2.5 µg/ml
E 1.25 µg/ml
D 0.625 µg/ml
C 0.3125 µg/ml
B 0.15625 µg/ml
A (Blank) 0 µg/ml

3๏ธโƒฃ Addition of Griess Reagent

  1. Add 50 µl of Griess reagent to each well, including the blank and sample wells.
    • Griess Reagent Composition:
      • 1% sulfanilamide (0.5 g)
      • 0.1% naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (0.05 g)
      • 2% phosphoric acid (1.18 ml)
      • Final volume: 50 ml (adjusted with D.W.)
  2. Carefully remove any bubbles from the wells to avoid errors in absorbance measurements.
  3. Measure absorbance within 30 minutes to prevent color degradation.

4๏ธโƒฃ Measuring Nitrite Concentration (NO Production)

  1. Set a plate reader or spectrophotometer to 540 nm wavelength.
  2. Remove the lid from the plate before placing it in the reader.
  3. Measure the absorbance of each well at 540 nm.
  4. Compare the sample absorbance values with the NaNOโ‚‚ standard curve to calculate NOโ‚‚โป concentration.

๐Ÿ“Š Data Analysis

1. Constructing the NaNOโ‚‚ Standard Curve

  • Plot absorbance values (y-axis) against known NaNOโ‚‚ concentrations (x-axis).
  • Generate a linear regression equation (y = mx + b) to calculate NOโ‚‚โป concentration in unknown samples.

2. Calculating NO Concentration in Samples

  • Use the equation from the standard curve to determine NOโ‚‚โป concentration.

๐Ÿ”น Example Calculation:

  • Standard curve equation: y = 0.15x + 0.02
  • Sample OD reading: 0.38
  • Solve for x:
    • 0.38 = 0.15x + 0.02
    • x = (0.38 - 0.02) / 0.15
    • x = 2.53 µM NOโ‚‚โป (final concentration in sample)

๐Ÿšจ Important Precautions

โœ… Perform triplicate (n=3) experiments to ensure reproducibility.
โœ… Remove bubbles before measuring absorbance.
โœ… Measure within 30 minutes to avoid signal degradation.
โœ… Always generate a new NaNOโ‚‚ standard curve for each experiment.
โœ… Keep experimental conditions consistent for accurate comparison.


๐ŸŽฏ Comparison: Griess Assay vs. Other NO Detection Methods

Method                                        Principle                                      Advantages                   Limitations

Griess Assay Measures nitrite (NOโ‚‚โป) using a colorimetric reaction Simple, inexpensive, widely used Measures NOโ‚‚โป only, not NO directly
DAF-FM DA Fluorescence Fluorescent probe reacts with NO Direct NO detection, high sensitivity Prone to photobleaching, requires specialized equipment
EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) Detects NO radicals with spin trapping agents Highly precise, direct NO detection Expensive, requires advanced instrumentation

๐Ÿ“Œ Griess Assay is a cost-effective method but only measures NOโ‚‚โป, not NO directly.
๐Ÿ“Œ For precise NO detection, fluorescence-based (DAF-FM DA) or EPR methods may be more suitable.


โœ… Conclusion

โœ”๏ธ The Griess Assay is a reliable method for measuring NO production by detecting nitrite (NOโ‚‚โป).
โœ”๏ธ A NaNOโ‚‚ standard curve allows indirect quantification of NO levels.
โœ”๏ธ Bubble removal and rapid measurement (within 30 min) are crucial for accuracy.
โœ”๏ธ While the Griess Assay is simple and effective, direct NO measurement techniques such as DAF-FM DA fluorescence or EPR may be preferred in some cases.

 

 

์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด NO๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋œธ 95%์ด์ƒ ์ฐจ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•จ.

 

๐Ÿงช Griess Assay๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ Nitric Oxide (NO) ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ• – ์‹คํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ & ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„

๐Ÿ”ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์š”

Nitric oxide(NO)๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ, ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ **์•„์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ(Nitrite, NOโ‚‚โป)**์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด NO ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
Griess Assay๋Š” ์•„์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, Griess ์‹œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” azo dye์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ NO์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.


๐Ÿ“ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ (Procedure)

1๏ธโƒฃ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ค€๋น„

  1. 96-well plate์— **50 µl์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก(์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์˜ ์ƒ์ธต์•ก, supernatant)**์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด well์— ์˜ฎ๊น€.
    • ์ฃผ์˜: pipette tip์ด plate ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
    • ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์ด ์„ž์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก pipetting ์ฃผ์˜!
    • ๋ฐฐ์–‘ plate์— ๋‚จ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” MTT assay (์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ์ธก์ •)์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

2๏ธโƒฃ NaNOโ‚‚ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ณก์„ (Standard Curve) ์ž‘์„ฑ

  • ๋ผ์ธ 1๊ณผ 12์˜ A~G well์— D.W. 50 µl์”ฉ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•จ (Blank & Standard ์ค€๋น„)
  • H, G well์— NaNOโ‚‚ 50 µl (10 µg/ml) ์ฒจ๊ฐ€
  • G~B well๊นŒ์ง€ 2๋ฐฐ ํฌ์„ (two-fold serial dilution) ์ง„ํ–‰
    • ์ฆ‰, G์—์„œ 50 µl → F๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ 50 µl → E๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰
    • ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ well์˜ ์ด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” 50 µl ์œ ์ง€
    • A well์€ blank (NaNOโ‚‚ ์—†์Œ)

Well                                                                           NaNOโ‚‚ ๋†๋„

H 10 µg/ml
G 5 µg/ml
F 2.5 µg/ml
E 1.25 µg/ml
D 0.625 µg/ml
C 0.3125 µg/ml
B 0.15625 µg/ml
A (Blank) 0 µg/ml

3๏ธโƒฃ Griess ์‹œ์•ฝ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€

  1. ๊ฐ well์— Griess ์‹œ์•ฝ 50 µl ์ฒจ๊ฐ€
    • Griess Reagent ๊ตฌ์„ฑ
      • 1% sulfanilamide (0.5 g)
      • 0.1% naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (0.05 g)
      • 2% phosphoric acid (1.18 ml)
      • ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ€ํ”ผ: D.W.๋กœ 50 ml ๋ณด์ถฉ
  2. Bubble(๊ธฐํฌ) ์ œ๊ฑฐ → ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜!
  3. 30๋ถ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ (์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ƒ‰ ๋ณ€์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ).

4๏ธโƒฃ NO(Nitrite) ๋†๋„ ์ธก์ •

  1. Plate reader ๋˜๋Š” spectrophotometer๋ฅผ 540 nm๋กœ ์„ค์ •.
  2. Plate ๋šœ๊ป‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฝ์ž….
  3. ๊ฐ well์˜ ํก๊ด‘๋„(absorbance) ์ธก์ •.
  4. NaNOโ‚‚ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ณก์„ (standard curve)๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ด NO ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ.

๐Ÿ“Š ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ (Data Analysis)

  1. NaNOโ‚‚ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ณก์„  ์ž‘์„ฑ
    • ํ‘œ์ค€ ์šฉ์•ก(known NaNOโ‚‚ ๋†๋„)์˜ ํก๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ x์ถ•(NOโ‚‚โป ๋†๋„)๊ณผ y์ถ•(ํก๊ด‘๋„, OD 540 nm)์œผ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ…
    • ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๊ท€์‹(y = mx + b) ๋„์ถœ → ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ NO ๋†๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ
  2. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ NO ๋†๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ
    • ์‹คํ—˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ํก๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ณก์„ ์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ NOโ‚‚โป ๋†๋„(µM) ๊ณ„์‚ฐ
    • ์˜ˆ:
      • ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ณก์„ ์ด y = 0.15x + 0.02 ๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ OD ๊ฐ’์ด 0.38์ผ ๋•Œ:
      • 0.38 = 0.15x + 0.02
      • x = (0.38 - 0.02) / 0.15
      • x = 2.53 µM (์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋‚ด NOโ‚‚โป ๋†๋„)

๐Ÿšจ ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•  ์ 

โœ… ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ triple(3ํšŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต) ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ํ™•๋ณด
โœ… Plate์— bubble์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์กฐ์‹ฌ!
โœ… Griess ์‹œ์•ฝ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ 30๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด ์ธก์ • ํ•„์ˆ˜ (์ƒ‰ ๋ณ€์งˆ ๋ฐฉ์ง€)
โœ… NaNOโ‚‚ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ณก์„ ์€ ๋งค ์‹คํ—˜๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽธ์ฐจ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ
โœ… Sample ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ ๋™์ผ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์œ ์ง€ (๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ)


๐ŸŽฏ Griess Assay vs ๋‹ค๋ฅธ NO ์ธก์ •๋ฒ• ๋น„๊ต

์ธก์ •๋ฒ•                                          ์›๋ฆฌ                                                  ์žฅ์                               ๋‹จ์ 

Griess Assay NOโ‚‚โป๋ฅผ Griess ์‹œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ ์ƒ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €๋ ดํ•จ NOโ‚‚โป๋งŒ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ (NO ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ • ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€)
DAF-FM DA Fluorescence NO์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ NO ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์†Œ๋ฉธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ
EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) NO์™€ ํŠน์ • spin trap์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฒ€์ถœ NO ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ, ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„ ํ•„์š”

๐Ÿ“Œ Griess Assay๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, NO์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ธก์ •์ด ์•„๋‹Œ NOโ‚‚โป(๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ)๋งŒ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ!
๐Ÿ“Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ NO ์ธก์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด DAF-FM DA ํ˜•๊ด‘๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” EPR ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ!


โœ… ๊ฒฐ๋ก 

โœ”๏ธ Griess Assay๋Š” NOโ‚‚โป (์•„์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก ๋‚ด NO ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
โœ”๏ธ NaNOโ‚‚ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋‚ด NO ๋†๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
โœ”๏ธ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ triple ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , bubble ์ œ๊ฑฐ & 30๋ถ„ ๋‚ด ์ธก์ • ํ•„์ˆ˜
โœ”๏ธ NO ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ DAF-FM DA ํ˜•๊ด‘๋ฒ• or EPR ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

 
 
#GriessAssay #NitricOxide #NO์ธก์ • #์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘ #์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™ #์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—ฐ๊ตฌ #์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• #์ƒํ™”ํ•™ #๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ #๊ณผํ•™์‹คํ—˜ #์„ธํฌ์‹คํ—˜ #NO๋ถ„์„ #์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์‹คํ—˜ #์‹คํ—˜ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ #๊ด‘ํ•™์ธก์ • #์ƒ‰๋„์ธก์ • #ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋” #์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ธฐ์ˆ  #GriessReaction #๋ฉด์—ญํ•™ #ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ #์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘ #์‚ฐํ™”์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค #์‹คํ—˜๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ถ„์„ #์„ธํฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ #๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ #๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—ฐ๊ตฌ #์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ #๊ณผํ•™์ •๋ณด #์‹คํ—˜๋…ธํŠธ #GriessAssay #NitricOxide #NOmeasurement #CellCulture #Biochemistry #MolecularBiology #ScientificResearch #LabExperiment #NOAnalysis #CellBiology #BiomedicalResearch #InflammationResearch #OxidativeStress #EnzymeAssay #PlateReader #Spectrophotometry #ScientificMethod #GriessReaction #CellSignaling #Immunology #InflammationMarker #NOQuantification #LabProtocol #ResearchMethods #BioTech #BiochemicalAnalysis #ExperimentalBiology #ScienceLover #ResearchPaper #LabNotebook
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