๐งช Measurement of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production Using Griess Assay – Experimental Protocol & Data Analysis
๐ฌ Overview of the Experiment
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in cell signaling and immune responses. However, due to its high reactivity and short half-life, direct measurement of NO is challenging. Instead, NO is commonly quantified indirectly by measuring its stable breakdown product, nitrite (NOโโป), in cell culture supernatants.
The Griess Assay is a well-established colorimetric method that measures NOโโป concentration. This reaction involves Griess reagent, which reacts with NOโโป to form a pink-colored azo dye, and the absorbance of this dye is measured to determine nitrite levels.
๐ Experimental Procedure
1๏ธโฃ Preparation of Samples and Controls
- Transfer 50 µl of the culture supernatant (cell-free culture medium) into a new 96-well plate.
- Be careful not to touch the bottom of the wells with the pipette tip.
- Ensure that cells do not mix with the culture supernatant.
- The remaining cells in the original plate can be used for the MTT assay (cell viability test).
2๏ธโฃ Preparation of NaNOโ Standard Curve
- Add 50 µl of distilled water (D.W.) into wells A-G of columns 1 and 12 (used for standard curve).
- Pipette 50 µl of NaNOโ (10 µg/ml) into wells H and G.
- Perform two-fold serial dilutions from well G to well B, ensuring that the final volume in each well is 50 µl.
- For each dilution step, transfer 50 µl from one well to the next.
- Do not add NaNOโ to well A (blank control).
Well NaNOโ Concentration
H | 10 µg/ml |
G | 5 µg/ml |
F | 2.5 µg/ml |
E | 1.25 µg/ml |
D | 0.625 µg/ml |
C | 0.3125 µg/ml |
B | 0.15625 µg/ml |
A (Blank) | 0 µg/ml |
3๏ธโฃ Addition of Griess Reagent
- Add 50 µl of Griess reagent to each well, including the blank and sample wells.
- Griess Reagent Composition:
- 1% sulfanilamide (0.5 g)
- 0.1% naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (0.05 g)
- 2% phosphoric acid (1.18 ml)
- Final volume: 50 ml (adjusted with D.W.)
- Griess Reagent Composition:
- Carefully remove any bubbles from the wells to avoid errors in absorbance measurements.
- Measure absorbance within 30 minutes to prevent color degradation.
4๏ธโฃ Measuring Nitrite Concentration (NO Production)
- Set a plate reader or spectrophotometer to 540 nm wavelength.
- Remove the lid from the plate before placing it in the reader.
- Measure the absorbance of each well at 540 nm.
- Compare the sample absorbance values with the NaNOโ standard curve to calculate NOโโป concentration.
๐ Data Analysis
1. Constructing the NaNOโ Standard Curve
- Plot absorbance values (y-axis) against known NaNOโ concentrations (x-axis).
- Generate a linear regression equation (y = mx + b) to calculate NOโโป concentration in unknown samples.
2. Calculating NO Concentration in Samples
- Use the equation from the standard curve to determine NOโโป concentration.
๐น Example Calculation:
- Standard curve equation: y = 0.15x + 0.02
- Sample OD reading: 0.38
- Solve for x:
- 0.38 = 0.15x + 0.02
- x = (0.38 - 0.02) / 0.15
- x = 2.53 µM NOโโป (final concentration in sample)
๐จ Important Precautions
โ
Perform triplicate (n=3) experiments to ensure reproducibility.
โ
Remove bubbles before measuring absorbance.
โ
Measure within 30 minutes to avoid signal degradation.
โ
Always generate a new NaNOโ standard curve for each experiment.
โ
Keep experimental conditions consistent for accurate comparison.
๐ฏ Comparison: Griess Assay vs. Other NO Detection Methods
Method Principle Advantages Limitations
Griess Assay | Measures nitrite (NOโโป) using a colorimetric reaction | Simple, inexpensive, widely used | Measures NOโโป only, not NO directly |
DAF-FM DA Fluorescence | Fluorescent probe reacts with NO | Direct NO detection, high sensitivity | Prone to photobleaching, requires specialized equipment |
EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) | Detects NO radicals with spin trapping agents | Highly precise, direct NO detection | Expensive, requires advanced instrumentation |
๐ Griess Assay is a cost-effective method but only measures NOโโป, not NO directly.
๐ For precise NO detection, fluorescence-based (DAF-FM DA) or EPR methods may be more suitable.
โ Conclusion
โ๏ธ The Griess Assay is a reliable method for measuring NO production by detecting nitrite (NOโโป).
โ๏ธ A NaNOโ standard curve allows indirect quantification of NO levels.
โ๏ธ Bubble removal and rapid measurement (within 30 min) are crucial for accuracy.
โ๏ธ While the Griess Assay is simple and effective, direct NO measurement techniques such as DAF-FM DA fluorescence or EPR may be preferred in some cases.
์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด NO๊ฐ ์๋ธ 95%์ด์ ์ฐจ์์ด์ผํจ.
๐งช Griess Assay๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ Nitric Oxide (NO) ์์ฐ ์ธก์ ๋ฒ – ์คํ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ & ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ถ์
๐ฌ ์คํ ๊ฐ์
Nitric oxide(NO)๋ ์ธํฌ ์ ํธ์ ๋ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ ๋ถ์๋ก, ์ง์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต์ง๋ง ์์ ์ ์ธ ๋ถํด์ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ **์์ง์ฐ์ผ(Nitrite, NOโโป)**์ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๋ฉด NO ์์ฐ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์์.
Griess Assay๋ ์์ง์ฐ์ผ์ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๋ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก, Griess ์์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ํ์ฑ๋๋ azo dye์ ์๊น์ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ NO์ ๋๋๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ ์ ์์.
๐ ์คํ ์ ์ฐจ (Procedure)
1๏ธโฃ ์ํ ๋ฐ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ค๋น
- 96-well plate์ **50 µl์ ๋ฐฐ์์ก(์ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์์ก์ ์์ธต์ก, supernatant)**์ ์๋ก์ด well์ ์ฎ๊น.
- ์ฃผ์: pipette tip์ด plate ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ์ฐ๋ฅด์ง ์๋๋ก ์กฐ์ฌํด์ผ ํจ.
- ์ธํฌ์ ๋ฐฐ์์ก์ด ์์ด์ง ์๋๋ก pipetting ์ฃผ์!
- ๋ฐฐ์ plate์ ๋จ์ ์ธํฌ๋ MTT assay (์ธํฌ ์์กด์จ ์ธก์ )์ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ.
2๏ธโฃ NaNOโ ํ์ค ๊ณก์ (Standard Curve) ์์ฑ
- ๋ผ์ธ 1๊ณผ 12์ A~G well์ D.W. 50 µl์ฉ ์ฒจ๊ฐํจ (Blank & Standard ์ค๋น)
- H, G well์ NaNOโ 50 µl (10 µg/ml) ์ฒจ๊ฐ
- G~B well๊น์ง 2๋ฐฐ ํฌ์ (two-fold serial dilution) ์งํ
- ์ฆ, G์์ 50 µl → F๋ก ์ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๋ค์ 50 µl → E๋ก ์ฎ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์งํ
- ์ต์ข ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ well์ ์ด ๋ถํผ๋ 50 µl ์ ์ง
- A well์ blank (NaNOโ ์์)
Well NaNOโ ๋๋
H | 10 µg/ml |
G | 5 µg/ml |
F | 2.5 µg/ml |
E | 1.25 µg/ml |
D | 0.625 µg/ml |
C | 0.3125 µg/ml |
B | 0.15625 µg/ml |
A (Blank) | 0 µg/ml |
3๏ธโฃ Griess ์์ฝ ์ฒจ๊ฐ
- ๊ฐ well์ Griess ์์ฝ 50 µl ์ฒจ๊ฐ
- Griess Reagent ๊ตฌ์ฑ
- 1% sulfanilamide (0.5 g)
- 0.1% naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (0.05 g)
- 2% phosphoric acid (1.18 ml)
- ์ต์ข ๋ถํผ: D.W.๋ก 50 ml ๋ณด์ถฉ
- Griess Reagent ๊ตฌ์ฑ
- Bubble(๊ธฐํฌ) ์ ๊ฑฐ → ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ํ๋ ํฅ์์ ์ํด ํ์!
- 30๋ถ ๋ด์ ์ธก์ ํด์ผ ํจ (์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋๋ฉด ์ ๋ณ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ).
4๏ธโฃ NO(Nitrite) ๋๋ ์ธก์
- Plate reader ๋๋ spectrophotometer๋ฅผ 540 nm๋ก ์ค์ .
- Plate ๋๊ป์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ฝ์ .
- ๊ฐ well์ ํก๊ด๋(absorbance) ์ธก์ .
- NaNOโ ํ์ค ๊ณก์ (standard curve)๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์๋ฃ ๋ด NO ๋๋๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐ.
๐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ถ์ (Data Analysis)
- NaNOโ ํ์ค ๊ณก์ ์์ฑ
- ํ์ค ์ฉ์ก(known NaNOโ ๋๋)์ ํก๊ด๋๋ฅผ x์ถ(NOโโป ๋๋)๊ณผ y์ถ(ํก๊ด๋, OD 540 nm)์ผ๋ก ํ๋กํ
- ์ ํ ํ๊ท์(y = mx + b) ๋์ถ → ์ํ์ NO ๋๋ ๊ณ์ฐ
- ์ํ์ NO ๋๋ ์ฐ์ถ
- ์คํ ์ํ์ ํก๊ด๋๋ฅผ ํ์ค ๊ณก์ ์ ๋์ ํ์ฌ NOโโป ๋๋(µM) ๊ณ์ฐ
- ์:
- ํ์ค ๊ณก์ ์ด y = 0.15x + 0.02 ๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ํ์ OD ๊ฐ์ด 0.38์ผ ๋:
- 0.38 = 0.15x + 0.02
- x = (0.38 - 0.02) / 0.15
- x = 2.53 µM (์ํ ๋ด NOโโป ๋๋)
๐จ ์คํ ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ์
โ
๋ฐ๋์ triple(3ํ ๋ฐ๋ณต) ์คํ ์งํํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ํ๋ณด
โ
Plate์ bubble์ด ์๊ธฐ์ง ์๋๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ!
โ
Griess ์์ฝ ์ฒจ๊ฐ ํ 30๋ถ ์ด๋ด ์ธก์ ํ์ (์ ๋ณ์ง ๋ฐฉ์ง)
โ
NaNOโ ํ์ค ๊ณก์ ์ ๋งค ์คํ๋ง๋ค ์๋กญ๊ฒ ์์ฑํ์ฌ ํธ์ฐจ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ
โ
Sample ๊ฐ ๋น๊ต ์ ๋์ผ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ ์ง (๋ฐฐ์ ์๊ฐ, ๋ฐฐ์์ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ)
๐ฏ Griess Assay vs ๋ค๋ฅธ NO ์ธก์ ๋ฒ ๋น๊ต
์ธก์ ๋ฒ ์๋ฆฌ ์ฅ์ ๋จ์
Griess Assay | NOโโป๋ฅผ Griess ์์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์์์ผ ์ ๋ณํ ์ธก์ | ๊ฐ๋จํ๊ณ ์ ๋ ดํจ | NOโโป๋ง ์ธก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ (NO ์ง์ ์ธก์ ๋ถ๊ฐ) |
DAF-FM DA Fluorescence | NO์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ํ๊ด ์ ํธ ๋ฐ์ | NO ์ง์ ์ธก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ | ํ๊ด ์๋ฉธ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ, ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ ํธ ๋ฌธ์ |
EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) | NO์ ํน์ spin trap์ด ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ์ ํธ ๊ฒ์ถ | NO ์ง์ ๊ฒ์ถ ๊ฐ๋ฅ, ์ ๋ฐํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ | ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋๊ณ , ๋ณต์กํ ์ฅ๋น ํ์ |
๐ Griess Assay๋ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ ๊ฐํธํ์ง๋ง, NO์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ธก์ ์ด ์๋ NOโโป(๋ถํด์ฐ๋ฌผ)๋ง ์ธก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ!
๐ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ฐํ NO ์ธก์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด DAF-FM DA ํ๊ด๋ฒ ๋๋ EPR ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ!
โ ๊ฒฐ๋ก
โ๏ธ Griess Assay๋ NOโโป (์์ง์ฐ์ผ)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ ์ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์์ก ๋ด NO ์์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ
โ๏ธ NaNOโ ํ์ค ๊ณก์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ํ ๋ด NO ๋๋ ์ฐ์ถ ๊ฐ๋ฅ
โ๏ธ ๋ฐ๋์ triple ์คํ์ ์งํํ๊ณ , bubble ์ ๊ฑฐ & 30๋ถ ๋ด ์ธก์ ํ์
โ๏ธ NO ์ง์ ์ธก์ ์ด ํ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ DAF-FM DA ํ๊ด๋ฒ or EPR ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ณ ๋ ค ๊ฐ๋ฅ
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